Manufacturing Sulphuric Acid

Alloy and their properties

Uses of Polymers

Haber Process (Animation)

Arrangement of Atoms in Bronze

Orderly arrangement of copper atoms.

Presence of tin atoms with different size disrupt orderly arrangement of copper atoms. 
When a force is applied to bronze, the layers of copper atoms are not easily to slide over each other easily. Therefore, bronze is harder than copper.

New York Call for a Ban on Styrofoam

What we commonly call  Styrofoam is more technically known as foamed polystyrene.

New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg recently just plans a ban on Styrofoam food packaging  from stores and restaurants. 

Common uses of Styrofoam

• disposable coffee cups, plates
• cushioning material in packaging

The structure of polystyrene. 

Chemistry of Olympics 2012 Medals

Medal Specification : 

Weight :  375-400g

Diameter : 85mm 

Thickness : 7mm 

Composition of Olympics Medals

1. The gold medal  :  92.5% silver and 1.34% gold, with the remainder copper (a minimum of 6g of gold).
2. The silver medal :  92.5% silver, with the remainder copper.
3. The bronze medal is :  97.0% copper, 2.5% zinc and 0.5% tin.

*source from London Olympic Official Website

Oscar Trophy is an Alloy!

Guess what is the composition of the Oscar trophy?

Define Operationally Hardness of Alloy

Define operationally of hardness of alloy

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Polypropylene in Daily Life

Polypropylene as fabric

• The first polypropylene was produced by Professor Giulio Natta in 1954.
• It was later widely used  as injection moulding applications(Example: packaging, parts for electronic and electrical appliances, caps and closures, toys, luggage and a variety of household goods)
• Second largest use iof polypropylene is n fibres sector. (Example: thermal underwear & storage box)
• Film & sheet market: uses in the pacckaging of sweets, snack foods and cigarettes.
• The structure of polypropylene(polypropene)

For more info, visit

http://www.icis.com/v2/chemicals/9076430/polypropylene/uses.html



http://www.bpf.co.uk/Plastipedia/Polymers/PP.aspx

How Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction are Applied in Industrial Processes

Questions about the topic is frequently found in Paper 1 SPM. Students are given various choices of condition of reaction but students hardly to pick a correct answer. Normally when I teach rate of reaction, I ask my students to collect all related information and complete the table. They can revise it anytimes  especially last-minute revision.

Sometimes, this topic is asked in Paper 2 too. Students are asked to state the temperature, pressure & catalyst in a reaction and explain how does each factor affecting the rate of reaction by using collision theory.

Photochromic Glass

*Photo taken from Rudy Project North America

Photochromic glass is one example of composite material.  Composite material is a structural material that is formed by combining two or more different substances. The resulting material has properties that are superior than those of the original components.

A photochromic glass is produced by embelding a layer of silver halides(usually silver chloride) in glass or transparent plastic.

Photochromic glass darkens when is exposed to sunlight. When the light dims, it become transparent again. It is suitable for making optical lenses, windshields and windows.

Haber Process

Fritz Haber won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for synthesis of ammonia.

Haber Process from sweemoi khor

Read more about the

• Presentation  Speech
• Nobel Lecture

in the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in 1920.

Effectiveness of a Fertiliser

Fertilisers are chemicals widely used to increase the yield of fruit or plant. Ammonium fertilisers are inorganic ferlilizer, mainly consists of simple chemical and minerals. Most ammonium ferlisers provide major plant nutrients : nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium(NPK). 

Once added into soil, ammonium ferlisers which consists of ammonium ions are converted to nitrate ions by bacteria. Nitrate ions are absorved by plant roots.  Nitrogen is used to make proteins in stalks and leavers.

Form 4 August Holidays Assignment Part 2

This holiday assignment focuses on two main topics in Chapter 9, Manufacture Substance in Industry: Sulphuric Acid and Ammonia.

These two chemicals are ranked among the top products in chemical industry. Sulphuric acid and ammonia are widely used in many aspects and at the same time bring some side effects to the environment.

Hope you'll refer the guide given and explore the topic deeper...

Any comments, just write under this post, ok?

Preparation of Ammonium Fertiliser

Ammonium fertiliser is a type of salt. It can be prepared through a reaction of ammonium hydroxide solution and acid.

 

ammonium hydroxide + acid --> ammonium fertiliser  + water

 

For example, to prepare ammonium sulphate, reactants required are ammonium hdyroxide solution and sulphuric acid.

 

Method used to prepare ammonium sulphate in the laboratory is using titration method.

1. 25 cm³ of ammonium hydroxide 1 mol dm^-3 is pipetted into a conical flask and few drops of phenolphthalein is added.
2. A buret is filled with aulphuric acid. Initial burette reading, V₁ is recorded.
3. Sulphuric acid is added into drops by drops into the ammonium hydroxide solution and the content of the conical flask is swirled.
4. Continue adding sulphuric acid until the colour of phenolphthalein turn to colourless from pink.
5. Final burette readind, V₂ is recorded.
6. Steps 1 - 5 is repeated by adding (V₂- V₁) cm³ of sulphuric acid from the burette into 25 cm³ of ammonium hydroxide solution in the conical flask(with adding phenolphthalein) and the conical flask is swirled.
7. The content of the conical flask is then poured into an evaporating dish and heated until the volume become one third from the initial volume.
8. The content is cooled into room temperature and filtered. The crystal (ammonium salt) is dried by using filter paper.

Diagram to show the set-up of apparatus.

Six die of ammonia poisoning

Six die of ammonia poisoning at Tanjung Karang, Selangor.

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Lightweight Reinforced Concrete(LRC)

Lightweight Reinforced Concrete(LRC) is actually one type of composite materials. It is a mixture of polystyrene and concrete. As it is light and cheaper, it is widely used in the construction of buildings.

*Picture taken from SinChew Jit Poh 10 August 2009

Plastics that Decompose within a Year

Thanks for your efforts, scientist from Universiti Sains Malaysia!!!

reported by The Sun, 25 June 2009. Click the image for more details.

Biodegradable Plastics?

Biodegradable plastic bag from Jusco..

Another one from Tesco...

Both Jusco and Tesco uses biodegradable plastics and encourage their customers to to reuse the plastic bags.

I just found out from news paper, IKEA is no longer provide free plastic bags for its customer. It'll be charged upon customers' request.

I hope with the effort of these giant hypermarkets, the public will reduce the usage of plastic and choose more environmental friendly alternatives. Save our mother earth from plastic...